Treating Veterans with PTSD

Update

Al Jowf, G. I., Ahmed, Z. T., Reijnders, R. A., de Nijs, L., & Eijssen, L. M. T. (2023). To Predict, Prevent, and Manage Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Biomarkers. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(6), 5238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065238

Alhowail, A., Alsikhan, R., Alsaud, M., Aldubayan, M., & Rabbani, S. I. (2022). Protective Effects of Pioglitazone on Cognitive Impairment and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Review of Literature. Drug design, development and therapy, 16, 2919-2931. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S367229

Bakaç, C., & Kehr, H. M. (2023). Unpacking the Relationship between Fear Motives and Self-Control Strategies among Managers: The Mediating Role of Intrusive Thoughts. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(5), 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050384

Blacher S. (2023). Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT): Tap to relieve stress and burnout. Journal of interprofessional education & practice, 30, 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2023.100599

Campbell-Sills, L., Kautz, J. D., Choi, K. W., Naifeh, J. A., Aliaga, P. A., Jain, S., Sun, X., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Bliese, P. D. (2023). Effects of prior deployments and perceived resilience on anger trajectories of combat-deployed soldiers. Psychological medicine, 53(5), 2031-2040. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721003779

Farrell, D., Moran, J., Zat, Z., Miller, P. W., Knibbs, L., Papanikolopoulos, P., Prattos, T., McGowan, I., McLaughlin, D., Barron, I., Mattheß, C., & Kiernan, M. D. (2023). Group early intervention eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy as a video-conference psychotherapy with frontline/emergency workers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and moral injury-An RCT study. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1129912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129912

Gilreath, T. D., Montiel Ishino, F. A., Sullivan, K. S., & Okoror, T. A. (2022). Maladaptive coping among military-connected adolescents: Examining combined risk using QCA. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 948474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948474

Jones, C., Smith-MacDonald, L., Brown, M. R. G., Pike, A., Vermetten, E., & Bŕmault-Phillips, S. (2022). Quantitative changes in mental health measures with 3MDR treatment for Canadian military members and veterans. Brain and behavior, 12(8), e2694. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2694

Koutra, K., Burns, C., Sinko, L., Kita, S., Bilgin, H., & Arnault, D. S. (2022). Trauma Recovery Rubric: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Trauma Recovery Pathways in Four Countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(16), 10310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610310

May, T., Younan, R., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Adolescent maladaptive schemas and childhood abuse and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 29(4), 1159-1171. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2712

Mazzoni, G. P., Miglietta, E., Ciull, T., Rotundo, L., Pozza, A., Gonzalez, A., & Fernandez, I. (2022). Group Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) Psychotherapy and Recurrent Interpersonal Traumatic Episodes: A Pilot Follow-Up Study. Clinical neuropsychiatry, 19(6), 379-389. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220605

Petzold, M., & Bunzeck, N. (2022). Impaired episodic memory in PTSD patients - A meta-analysis of 47 studies. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 909442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.909442

Raabe, S., Ehring, T., Marquenie, L., Arntz, A., & Kindt, M. (2022). Imagery Rescripting as a stand-alone treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 77, 101769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101769

Sachser, C., Berliner, L., Risch, E., Rosner, R., Birkeland, M. S., Eilers, R., Hafstad, G. S., Pfeiffer, E., Plener, P. L., & Jensen, T. K. (2022). The child and Adolescent Trauma Screen 2 (CATS-2) - validation of an instrument to measure DSM-5 and ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in children and adolescents. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2105580. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2105580

Sico, J. J., Koo, B. B., Perkins, A. J., Burrone, L., Sexson, A., Myers, L. J., Taylor, S., Yarbrough, W. C., Daggy, J. K., Miech, E. J., & Bravata, D. M. (2023). Impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic on Veterans Health Administration Sleep Services. SAGE open medicine, 11, 20503121231169388. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121231169388

Wallinius, M., & Nilsson, T. (2023). PTSD, subsequent violence, and increased focus on trauma-informed care. The Lancet. Public health, 8(6), e398-e399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00099-3

Winkler, O., Burback, L., Greenshaw, A. J., & Jin, J. (2023). Shifting to Trauma-Informed Care in Inpatient Psychiatry: A Case Study of an Individual with Dissociative PTSD Undergoing EMDR Therapy. Case reports in psychiatry, 2023, 8161010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8161010

Yurtsever, A., Bakalim, O., Karaman, Ş., Kaya, S., & Konuk, E. (2022). The effect of the online eye movement desensitization and reprocessing early intervention protocol (EMDR R-TEP) for the risk groups with post-traumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 935782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935782

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Ashbaugh, A. R., & Brunet, A. (2011). Review of Memory, war and trauma [Review of the book Memory, war and trauma, by N. C. Hunt]. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 52(3), 236–237.

Baker, F. A., Metcalf, O., Varker, T., & O'Donnell, M. (2018). A systematic review of the efficacy of creative arts therapies in the treatment of adults with PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(6), 643–651.

Bakır, N., Irmak Vural, P., & Körpe, G. (2021). The effects of emotional freedom techniques on coping with premenstrual syndrome: A randomized control trial. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.

Balbo, M., Cavallo, F., & Fernandez, I. (2019). Integrating EMDR in psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 29(1), 23–31. 

Banbury, N. M. (2016). Case study: Play therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for pediatric single incident posttraumatic stress disorder and developmental regression. International Journal of Play Therapy, 25(3), 166–174. 

Banneyer, K. N., Koenig, S. A., Wang, L. A., & Stark, K. D. (2017). A review of the effects of parental PTSD: A focus on military children. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 6(4), 274–286. 

Barr, N., Davis, J. P., Diguiseppi, G., Keeling, M., & Castro, C. (2019). Direct and indirect effects of mindfulness, PTSD, and depression on self-stigma of mental illness in OEF/OIF veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication.

Barr, N., Kintzle, S., Sullivan, K., & Castro, C. (2018). Suicidality and nonsuicidal high-risk behavior in military veterans: How does PTSD symptom presentation relate to behavioral risk? Traumatology, 24(1), 55–61.

Bédard, M.-M., Simard, V., & Laverdière, O. (2021). Attachment representations and early maladaptive schemas in children’s and adolescents’ dreams: A pilot study. Dreaming, 31(2), 140–163.

Benotsch, E. G., Brailey, K., Vasterling, J. J., Uddo, M., Constans, J. I., & Sutker, P. B. (2000). War Zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in Gulf War Veterans: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), 205–213.

Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., & Lowe, M. (2019). Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of avoidance coping, intrusive thoughts, and social support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 232–238.

Chesmore, A. A., Piehler, T. F., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2018). PTSD as a moderator of a parenting intervention for military families. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 123–133.

Church, D. (2010). The treatment of combat trauma in veterans using EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques): A pilot protocol. Traumatology, 16(1), 55–65.

Church, D., & Palmer-Hoffman, J. (2014). TBI symptoms improve after PTSD remediation with emotional freedom techniques. Traumatology, 20(3), 172–181.

Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., & Shea, M. T. (2021). Processing of positive memories technique (PPMT) for posttraumatic stress disorder: A primer. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(2), 195–207.

Cowlishaw, S., Metcalf, O., Little, J., Hinton, M., Forbes, D., Varker, T., Agathos, J., Bryant, R. A., McFarlane, A. C., Hopwood, M., Phelps, A. J., Howard, A., Cooper, J., Dell, L., & O'Donnell, M. L. (2021). Cross-lagged analyses of anger and PTSD symptoms among veterans in treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Creech, S. K., Hadley, W., & Borsari, B. (2014). The impact of military deployment and reintegration on children and parenting: A systematic review. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(6), 452–464. 

DeViva, J. C., Rosen, M. I., Cooney, N. L., & Black, A. C. (2020). Ecological momentary assessment of sleep and PTSD symptoms in a veteran sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(2), 186–192. 

Dimaggio, G. (2015). Awareness of maladaptive interpersonal schemas as a core element of change in psychotherapy for personality disorders. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(1), 39–44. 

Domino, J. L., Whiteman, S. E., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Weathers, F. W. (2020). Sudden unexpected death as a traumatic stressor: The impact of the DSM–5 revision of Criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder. Traumatology. Advance online publication. 

Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, S. C., Newton, V. M., Timko, C., Vasterling, J. J., Van Male, L. M., Wagner, H. R., & Beckham, J. C. (2014). Protective mechanisms and prevention of violence and aggression in veterans. Psychological Services, 11(2), 220–228. 

Fox, R., Hyland, P., McHugh Power, J., & Coogan, A. N. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder among older adults: A differential item functioning analysis of PTSD in ICD-11 and DSM–5. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication.

Gagnon, J., Vintiloiu, A., & McDuff, P. (2016). Do splitting and identity diffusion have respective contributions to borderline impulsive behaviors? Input from Kernberg’s model of personality. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 33(3), 420–436.

Gonzalez, O. I., Novaco, R. W., Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2016). Anger intensification with combat-related PTSD and depression comorbidity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(1), 9–16. 

Green, M. M. (2002). Six trauma imprints treated with combination intervention: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Thought Field Therapy (TFT) or Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT). Traumatology, 8(1), 18–27.

Halevy, N., & Chou, E. Y. (2014). How decisions happen: Focal points and blind spots in interdependent decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(3), 398–417.

Held, P., Coleman, J. A., Petrey, K., Klassen, B. J., Pridgen, S., Bravo, K., Smith, D. L., & Van Horn, R. (2021). A case series examining PTSD and depression symptom reductions over the course of a 2-week virtual intensive PTSD treatment program for veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Hicks, T. A., Bountress, K. E., Resnick, H. S., Ruggiero, K. J., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020). Caregiver support buffers posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following a natural disaster in relation to binge drinking. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Hoffart, A., Øktedalen, T., Langkaas, T. F., & Wampold, B. E. (2013). Alliance and outcome in varying imagery procedures for PTSD: A study of within-person processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 471–482. 

Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., Smeets, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2020). Increases of correct memories and spontaneous false memories due to eye movements when memories are retrieved after a time delay. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 125, Article 103546.

Hyman, I. E., Jr., Cutshaw, K. I., Hall, C. M., Snyders, M. E., Masters, S. A., Au, V. S. K., & Graham, J. M. (2015). Involuntary to intrusive: Using involuntary musical imagery to explore individual differences and the nature of intrusive thoughts. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 25(1), 14–27. 

Jacobs, I., Lenz, L., Dörner, S., & Wegener, B. (2019). How do schema modes and mode factors align with defense styles and personality disorder symptoms? Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10(5), 427–437.

Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., Brown, M., Grieve, A., Paterson, D., & Walley, R. (2016). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for DSM–5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults with intellectual disabilities: A case study review. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(6), 709–719.

Katz, A. C., Norr, A. M., Buck, B., Fantelli, E., Edwards-Stewart, A., Koenen-Woods, P., Zetocha, K., Smolenski, D. J., Holloway, K., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J., Rizzo, A., Skopp, N., Mishkind, M., Gahm, G., Reger, G. M., & Andrasik, F. (2020). Changes in physiological reactivity in response to the trauma memory during prolonged exposure and virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. 

Kloep, M. L., Hunter, R. H., & Kertz, S. J. (2017). Examining the effects of a novel training program and use of psychiatric service dogs for military-related PTSD and associated symptoms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(4), 425–433. 

Knobloch, L. K., Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., Yorgason, J. B., Ebata, A. T., & McGlaughlin, P. C. (2017). Military children’s difficulty with reintegration after deployment: A relational turbulence model perspective. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(5), 542–552. 

Kramer, U., de Roten, Y., Perry, J. C., & Despland, J.-N. (2013). Beyond splitting: Observer-rated defense mechanisms in borderline personality disorder. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 30(1), 3–15. 

Kuiken, D., Chudleigh, M., & Racher, D. (2010). Bilateral Eye Movements, Attentional Flexibility and Metaphor Comprehension: The Substrate of REM Dreaming? Dreaming, 20(4), 227–247.

Kumar, A., Azevedo, K. J., Factor, A., Hailu, E., Ramirez, J., Lindley, S. E., & Jain, S. (2019). Peer support in an outpatient program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Translating participant experiences into a recovery model. Psychological Services, 16(3), 415–424. 

LaMotte, A. D., Taft, C. T., Weatherill, R. P., Casement, M. D., Creech, S. K., Milberg, W. P., Fortier, C. B., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2017). Sleep problems and physical pain as moderators of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression in returning veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 113–116. 

Larson, E., Zollman, F., Kondiles, B., & Starr, C. (2013). Memory deficits, postconcussive complaints, and posttraumatic stress disorder in a volunteer sample of veterans. Rehabilitation Psychology, 58(3), 245–252.

Louie, A. D., & Cromer, L. D. (2014). Parent–child attachment during the deployment cycle: Impact on reintegration parenting stress. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(6), 496–503.  

Marshall, A. D., Martin, E. K., Warfield, G. A., Doron-Lamarca, S., Niles, B. L., & Taft, C. T. (2010). The impact of antisocial personality characteristics on anger management treatment for veterans with PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(3), 224–231. 

Marks, E. H., Franklin, A. R., & Zoellner, L. A. (2018). Can’t get it out of my mind: A systematic review of predictors of intrusive memories of distressing events. Psychological Bulletin, 144(6), 584–640.

Marx, B. P., Engel-Rebitzer, E., Bovin, M. J., Parker-Guilbert, K. S., Moshier, S., Barretto, K., Szafranski, D., Gallagher, M. W., Holowka, D. W., Rosen, R. C., & Keane, T. M. (2017). The influence of veteran race and psychometric testing on veterans affairs posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) disability exam outcomes. Psychological Assessment, 29(6), 710–719. 

McLay, R. N., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Fesperman, S. F., Delaney, E. M., Gerard, S. K., Roesch, S. C., Nebeker, B. J., Pandzic, I., Vishnyak, E. A., & Johnston, S. L. (2016). Outcomes from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in active-duty service members with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(6), 702–708. 

Mishara, B. L. (2003). How the media influences children's conceptions of suicide. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 24(3), 128–130.

Novaco, R. W., Swanson, R. D., Gonzalez, O. I., Gahm, G. A., & Reger, M. D. (2012). Anger and postcombat mental health: Validation of a brief anger measure with U.S. Soldiers postdeployed from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 661–675. 

Orbach, I., & Glaubman, H. (1979). Children's perception of death as a defensive process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88(6), 671–674.

Ord, A. S., Lad, S. S., Shura, R. D., Rowland, J. A., Taber, K. H., & Martindale, S. L. (2020). Pain interference and quality of life in combat veterans: Examining the roles of posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and sleep quality. Rehabilitation Psychology. Advance online publication. 

McCarthy, E., DeViva, J. C., Norman, S. B., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2019). Self-assessed sleep quality partially mediates the relationship between PTSD symptoms and functioning and quality of life in U.S. veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(8), 869–876.

Myrick, A. C., Green, E. J., Barnes, M., & Nowicki, R. (2018). Empowering nondeployed spouses and children through filial therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 27(3), 166–175.

Paris, R., DeVoe, E. R., Ross, A. M., & Acker, M. L. (2010). When a parent goes to war: Effects of parental deployment on very young children and implications for intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 610–618.

Polizzi, C. P., Aksen, D. E., & Lynn, S. J. (2021). Quality of life, emotion regulation, and dissociation: Evaluating unique relations in an undergraduate sample and probable PTSD subsample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Roberts, N. A., Burleson, M. H., Burmeister, L. B., Bushnell, M. L., Epstein, D. R., Todd, M., Walter, C. M., Powell, K., Hoffmann, N., Reynolds, C. M., & Goren, K. (2020). Brain boosters: Evaluating a pilot program for memory complaints in veterans. Psychological Services, 17(1), 33–45.

“Rumination and mindfulness related to multiple types of trauma exposure”: Correction to Im and Follette (2016) (2017). Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 3(1), 33.

Samuelson, K. W., Bartel, A., Valadez, R., & Jordan, J. T. (2017). PTSD symptoms and perception of cognitive problems: The roles of posttraumatic cognitions and trauma coping self-efficacy. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(5), 537–544.

Sandler, I. N., Ma, Y., Tein, J.-Y., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S., Kennedy, C., & Millsap, R. (2010). Long-term effects of the family bereavement program on multiple indicators of grief in parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 131–143. 

Sell, C., Möller, H., & Taubner, S. (2018). Effectiveness of integrative imagery- and trance-based psychodynamic therapies: Guided imagery psychotherapy and hypnopsychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 28(1), 90–113.

Shapiro, R., & Brown, L. S. (2019). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and related treatments for trauma: An innovative, integrative trauma treatment. Practice Innovations, 4(3), 139–155.

Smith-Osborne, A., & Felderhoff, B. (2016). Formal and family caregiver protective factors in systems of care: A systematic review with implications toward a resilience model for aging veterans. Traumatology, 22(1), 29–39. 

Stanley, I. H., Rogers, M. L., Hanson, J. E., Gutierrez, P. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). PTSD symptom clusters and suicide attempts among high-risk military service members: A three-month prospective investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(1), 67–78. 

Staples, J. K., Gordon, J. S., Hamilton, M., & Uddo, M. (2020). Mind-body skills groups for treatment of war-traumatized veterans: A randomized controlled study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Stapleton, P., Crighton, G., Sabot, D., & O'Neill, H. M. (2020). Reexamining the effect of emotional freedom techniques on stress biochemistry: A randomized controlled trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(8), 869–877.

Stingl, M., Hanewald, B., Kruse, J., & Sack, M. (2021). Positive side effects in trauma-focusing PTSD treatment: Reduction of attendant symptoms and enhancement of affective and structural regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(6), 713–721.

Thimm, J. C., & Holland, J. M. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas, meaning making, and complicated grief symptoms after bereavement. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(4), 347–367. 

Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM–5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 383–395.

Weiss, N. H., Schick, M. R., Contractor, A. A., Goncharenko, S., Raudales, A. M., & Forkus, S. R. (2021). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity modulates avoidance of positive emotions among trauma-exposed military veterans in the community. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Weiss, N. H., Forkus, S. R., Raudales, A. M., Schick, M. R., & Contractor, A. A. (2020). Alcohol misuse to down-regulate positive emotions: A cross-sectional multiple mediator analysis among US military veterans. Addictive Behaviors, 105, Article 106322.

Zhang, N., Lee, S.-K., Zhang, J., Piehler, T., & Gewirtz, A. (2020). Growth trajectories of parental emotion socialization and child adjustment following a military parenting intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 652–663.

Zhang, J., Ye, C., Sun, H.-J., Zhou, J., Liang, T., Li, Y., & Liu, Q. (2021). The passive state: A protective mechanism for information in working memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.

Zorzella, K. P. M., Muller, R. T., Cribbie, R. A., Bambrah, V., & Classen, C. C. (2020). The role of alexithymia in trauma therapy outcomes: Examining improvements in PTSD, dissociation, and interpersonal problems. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 20–28. 

Additional References:
Armstrong, Keith; Best, Dr. Susan; Domenici, Paula; Courage After Fire; Ulysses Press; Berkeley, Ca; 2006.

Hoge, Charles W; Once a Warrior Always a Warrior; Globe Pequot Press; Guilford, Ct; 2010.

Naparstek, Belleruth; Invisible Heroes: Survivors of Trauma and How They Heal; Bantam Books; New York; 2004.

Ruzek, PhD, Josef I.; Erika Curran, MSW; Matthew J. Friedman, MD; PhD, Fred D. Gusman, MSW; Steven M. Southwick, MD; Pamela Swales, PhD; Robyn D. Walser, PhD; Patricia J. Watson, PhD; and Julia Whealin, PhD. Treatment of the Returning Iraq War Veteran - PTSD:National Center for PTSD, VA Health Care, p 1-11.

Schiraldi PhD, Glenn R.; The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sourcebook: A Guide to Healing, Recovery; McGraw Hill Professional; 2009.

Valiente-Gómez, A., Moreno-Alcázar, A., Treen, D., Cedrón, C., Colom, F., Pérez, V., & Amann, B. L. (2017). EMDR beyond PTSD: A Systematic Literature Review. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1668. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01668

Williams, Mary Beth PhD, LCSW, CTS; Poijula, Soili PhD; The PTSD Workbook; New Harbinger Publications, Inc.; Oakland, Ca; 2000.