School Shootings: Ethical & Confidentiality Boundary Issues

Update

Adhia, A., Schleimer, J. P., & Mazza, J. (2022). Trends in Secondary School Practices Related to Violence Prevention, 2012-2018. The Journal of school health, 92(9), 882-887. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13195

Benbenishty, R., Astor, R. A., & Roziner, I. (2023). An eighteen-year longitudinal examination of school victimization and weapon use in California secondary schools. World journal of pediatrics : WJP, 1-12. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-023-00714-w

Champion, M. J., MPsych (Clin), & Kilcullen, M., MPsych (Clin), PhD (2023). Complicated Grief Following the Traumatic Loss of a Child: A Systematic Review. Omega, 302228231170417. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228231170417

Ebbrecht, C. K., & Lindekilde, L. (2023). From violent lone-actor types to lone-actor grievance-fueled violence: The Aarhus University shooting as an example of multi-facetted offender motivations and context-sensitive boundaries between violent lone-actor categories. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 995818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.995818

Fabbri, C., Powell-Jackson, T., Leurent, B., Rodrigues, K., Shayo, E., Barongo, V., & Devries, K. M. (2022). School violence, depression symptoms, and school climate: a cross-sectional study of Congolese and Burundian refugee children. Conflict and health, 16(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-022-00475-9

Falzarano, F., Winoker, H., Burke, R. V., Mendoza, J. A., Munoz, F., Tergas, A., Maciejewski, P. K., & Prigerson, H. G. (2022). Grief and Bereavement in the Latino/a Community: A Literature Synthesis and Directions for Future Research. Health equity, 6(1), 696-707. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2022.0031

Martínez, V., Jiménez-Molina, Á., & Gerber, M. M. (2023). Social contagion, violence, and suicide among adolescents. Current opinion in psychiatry, 36(3), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000858

Mathieu, S., Todor, R., De Leo, D., & Kõlves, K. (2022). Coping Styles Utilized during Suicide and Sudden Death Bereavement in the First Six Months. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(22), 14709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214709

Musizvingoza, R., Tirivayi, N., Otchere, F., & Viola, F. (2022). Risk factors of adolescent exposure to violence in Burkina Faso. BMC public health, 22(1), 2405. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14854-7

Rynek, M., & Ellwart, T. (2022). An experimental study of triggers and needs of threats in critical adversity situations in a student sample. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 897542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897542

Skr̆ivánková, P., Páv, M., Faberová, K., Perkins, D., Boukalová, H., Adam, D., Mazouchová, A., Gillernová, I., Anders, M., & Kitzlerová, E. (2023). Violence risk and personality assessment in adolescents by Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) and high school personality questionnaire (HSPQ): Focus on protective factors strengthening. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 1067450. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1067450

Yang, D., Cai, Z., Tan, Y., Zhang, C., Li, M., Fei, C., & Huang, R. (2022). The Light and Dark Sides of Student Engagement: Profiles and Their Association with Perceived Autonomy Support. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 12(11), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12110408  

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Alexander, B. A., & Harris, H. (2020). Public school preparedness for school shootings: A phenomenological overview of school staff perspectives. School Mental Health: A Multidisciplinary Research and Practice Journal. Advance online publication.

Barber, C., Walters, H., Brown, T., & Hemenway, D. (2021). Suicides at shooting ranges. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 42(1), 13–19.

Bersoff, D. N. (2014). Protecting victims of violent patients while protecting confidentiality. American Psychologist, 69(5), 461–467. 

Budenz, A., Purtle, J., Klassen, A., Yom-Tov, E., Yudell, M., & Massey, P. (2019). The case of a mass shooting and violence-related mental illness stigma on Twitter. Stigma and Health, 4(4), 411–420.

Captari, L. E., Riggs, S. A., & Stephen, K. (2021). Attachment processes following traumatic loss: A mediation model examining identity distress, shattered assumptions, prolonged grief, and posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(1), 94–103.

Goodrum, S., Thompson, A. J., Ward, K. C., & Woodward, W. (2018). A case study on threat assessment: Learning critical lessons to prevent school violence. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 5(3), 121–136.

Jose, R., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2021). How Americans feel about guns after mass shootings: The case of the 2016 Orlando nightclub massacre. Psychology of Violence, 11(4), 354–363.

Lankford, A., Silver, J., & Cox, J. (2021). An epidemiological analysis of public mass shooters and active shooters: Quantifying key differences between perpetrators and the general population, homicide offenders, and people who die by suicide. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management.

Li, S. M. Y., Viljoen, J. L., Christiansen, A. K., & Muir, N. M. (2020). Predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) among a sample of Asian Canadian youth on probation. Law and Human Behavior, 44(6), 485–501.

Littleton, H. L., Grills-Taquechel, A. E., Axsom, D., Bye, K., & Buck, K. S. (2012). Prior sexual trauma and adjustment following the Virginia Tech campus shootings: Examination of the mediating role of schemas and social support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(6), 578–586. 

Lunn, L., Campion, K., James, S., & Velez, G. (2021). A framework for guiding transformative growth after school shootings. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 27(3), 486–496.

Markey, P. M., Ivory, J. D., Slotter, E. B., Oliver, M. B., & Maglalang, O. (2020). He does not look like video games made him do it: Racial stereotypes and school shootings. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(4), 493–498.

McLachlan, K., Gray, A. L., Roesch, R., Douglas, K. S., & Viljoen, J. L. (2018). An evaluation of the predictive validity of the SAVRY and YLS/CMI in justice-involved youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Psychological Assessment, 30(12), 1640–1651.

Meloy, J. R., Hoffmann, J., Roshdi, K., & Guldimann, A. (2014). Some warning behaviors discriminate between school shooters and other students of concern. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 1(3), 203–211.

Peterson, J., Sackrison, E., & Polland, A. (2015). Training students to respond to shootings on campus: Is it worth it? Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2(2), 127–138.

Peterson, J. K., Densley, J. A., Knapp, K., Higgins, S., & Jensen, A. (2021). Psychosis and mass shootings: A systematic examination using publicly available data. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.

Raitanen, J., & Oksanen, A. (2019). Deep interest in school shootings and online radicalization. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 6(3-4), 159–172.

Reddy, M. K., Seligowski, A. V., Rabenhorst, M. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Predictors of expressive writing content and posttraumatic stress following a mass shooting. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(3), 286–294. 

Séguin, M., Chawky, N., Lesage, A., Boyer, R., Guay, S., Bleau, P., Miquelon, P., Szkrumelak, N., Steiner, W., & Roy, D. (2013). Evaluation of the Dawson College shooting psychological intervention: Moving toward a multimodal extensive plan. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(3), 268–276.

Vieselmeyer, J., Holguin, J., & Mezulis, A. (2017). The role of resilience and gratitude in posttraumatic stress and growth following a campus shooting. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 62–69.

Warren, L. J. (2017). Special section part 3: Campus threat management. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 4(2), 111.

Watt, K. A., Storey, J. E., & Hart, S. D. (2018). Violence risk identification, assessment, and management practices in inpatient psychiatry. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 5(3), 155–172.

Whitehead, K. A., Bowman, B., & Raymond, G. (2018). “Risk factors” in action: The situated constitution of “risk” in violent interactions. Psychology of Violence, 8(3), 329–338.

Wozniak, J. D., Caudle, H. E., Harding, K., Vieselmeyer, J., & Mezulis, A. H. (2020). The effect of trauma proximity and ruminative response styles on posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth following a university shooting. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(3), 227–234.

Additional References:
- Abramson, M. Reflections on knowing oneself ethically: Toward a working framework for social work practice. Families in Society, 1996a, 77(4), 195-202.

- American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Code of Ethics http://www.aamft.org/iMIS15/AAMFT/Content/Legal_Ethics/Code_of_Ethics.aspx

- American Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4

- American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/

- A Survival Guide to Parenting Teens: Talking to Your Kids About Sexting, Drinking, Drugs, and Other Things That Freak You Out. Publishers Weekly. 4/21/2014, Vol. 261 Issue 16, p73-73.

- Barker, Robert L. Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare, Washington, DC NASW Press, 1998. Rankin, Mary, JD employed by the Healthcare Training Institute to research and write the article Evolution of Social Work Ethics. Edited by Tracy Appleton, LCSW. The reference Barker, Robert L. Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare. Washington, DC NASW Press, 1998

- Barras, Bernie; Lyman, Susan A.; Silence of the Lambs: How Can We Get Students to Report Pending Violence? Education, Spring2000, Vol. 120 Issue 3, p495

- Bemecker, Samantha L. Helping Clients Help Themselves: Managing Ethical Concerns When Offering Guided Self-Help Interventions in Psychotherapy Practice. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice. Apr2014, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p111-119.

- Bender, William N.; Shubert,, Terresa H.; McLaughlin, Phillip J.; Invisible Kids: Preventing School Violence by Identifying Kids in Trouble; Intervention in School & Clinic, Nov2001, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p105

- Bernes, Kerry B.; Bardick, Angela D.; Conducting Adolescent Violence Risk Assessments: A Framework for School Counselors; Professional School Counseling, Apr2007, Vol. 10 Issue 4, p419-427

- Berger, Joseph; Santora, Marc; Maker, Elizabeth; Hussey, Kristin. Chilling Look a Newtown Killer, but No 'Why'. (cover story). New York Times. 11/26/2013, Vol. 163 Issue 56332, pA1-A19.

- Chaloner Winton Hall, Ryan; Hatters Friedman, Susan. Guns, Schools, and Mental Illness: Potential Concerns for Physicians and Mental Health Professionals. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Nov2013, Vol. 88 Issue 11, p1272-1283.

- Fast, Jonathan D.; After Columbine: How People Mourn Sudden Death; Social Work, Oct2003, Vol. 48 Issue 4, p484-491

- Fischer, Karin. International Students Increasingly Ask: Is It Safe to Study in the U.S.? Chronicle of Higher Education. 5/3/2013, Vol. 59 Issue 34, pA4-A4.

- Henderson, Kathryn L. Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse: Considerations and Guidelines for Mental Health Counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. Oct2013, Vol. 35 Issue 4, p296-309.

- Hermann, Mary A.; Finn, Abbe; An Ethical and Legal Perspective on the Role of School Counselors in Preventing Violence in Schools; Professional School Counseling, Oct2002, Vol. 6 Issue 1, p46

- Hoder, Randye. Give Parents a Break: Making the Case for Supervised Teen Drinking Time.com. 10/25/2013, p1-1.

- How to Spot Drug and Alcohol Use in Teens: Guide for Parents. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter. May2013 Supplement, Vol. 29, p1-2.

- Kang, Jay Caspian. That Other School Shooting. New York Times Magazine. 3/31/2013, p32-49.

- Kangas, Julie L.; Calvert, James D. Ethical Issues in Mental Health Background Checks for Firearm Ownership. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice. Feb2014, Vol. 45 Issue 1, p76-83.

- Kramen, Alissa J., Kelly R. Massey, Ph.D., and Howard W. Timm, Ph.D.; Guide for Preventing and Responding to School Violence. Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2007, p1-53.

- Loewenberg, F. M., & Dolgoff, R. & Harrington, D. Ethical decisions for social work practice. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock., 2000.

- National Threat Assessment Center; Preventing School Shootings: A Summary of a U.S. Secret Service Safe School Initiative Report. U.S. Secret Service, National Threat Assessment Center, 2000, p1-6.

- Martinez, Susan B.; School Shootings and the Paranormal Case Study: Cho, The Question Mark Kid; Journal of Spirituality & Paranormal Studies, October 2009, Vol 32 Issue 4, p211

- Moe, Cathrine; Kvig, Erling I; Brinchmann, Beate; Brinchmann, Berit S. Working behind the scenes’ An ethical view of mental health nursing and first-episode psychosis. Nursing Ethics. Aug2013, Vol. 20 Issue 5, p517-527.

- Mongan, Philip; Hatcher, Schnavia Smith; Maschi, Tina; Etiology of School Shootings: Utilizing a Purposive, Non-Impulsive Model for Social Work Practice; Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, October 2009, Vol 19 Issue 5, p635

- Nance, Jason P. Students, Security, and Race., Emory Law Journal. 2013, Vol. 63 Issue 1, p1-57.

- National Association of Social Workers, Code of Ethics http://www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/code.asp

- National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. (2023, May). NBCC Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://nbcc.org/assets/Ethics/NBCCCodeofEthics.pdf?_zs=KjseE1&_zl=Jlq77

- Newman, Katherine S; Rampage: The Social Roots of School Shootings; Basic Books: New York; 2004

- Norris, Fran H.; Impact of Mass Shootings on Survivors, Families and Communities. PTSD-Research Quarterly, The National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 2007, p1-8.

- O'Toole, Mary Ellen, PhD.; The School Shooter: Threat Assessment Prespective. U.S. Department of Justice - Federal Bureau of Investigation, p1, 5-32.

- Pollack, William S.; Prior Knowledge of Potential School-Based Violence: Information Students Learn may Prevent a Targetted Attack. United States Sercret Service and United States Department of Education, May 2008, p1-14.

- Reamer, F. G. The social work ethics audit: A risk-management strategy. Social Work, 2000, 45(4), 355-366.

- Reamer, Frederic G., Social Work Ethics Casebook: Cases and Commentary. Washington, DC: NASW Press, 2009

- Reamer, Frederic G., Social Work Malpractice and Liability: Strategies for Prevention, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003)

- Reamer, Frederic G., Social Work Values and Ethics, 3rd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006)

- Reamer, Frederic G., Ethical Standards in Social Work: A Review of the NASW Code of Ethics, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: NASW Press, 2006)

- Reamer, Frederic G., The Social Work Ethics Audit: A Risk-management Tool (Washington, DC: NASW Press, 2001)

- Reamer, Frederic G., Tangled Relationships: Managing Boundaries in the Human Services (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001)

- Reamer, Frederic G., Ethics Education in Social Work (Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2001)

- Rothstein, Mark A., Tarasoff Duties after Newtown, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. Spring2014, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p104-109.

- Russo, Francine. Is Your Teen a Night Owl? That Could Explain His Poor Grades. Time.com. 11/15/2013, p1-1.

- Schuster, Beth; Preventing, Preparing for Critical Incidents in Schools. NIJ Journal , p42-46.

- Sewell, Kenneth W.; Mendelsohn, Michaela; Profiling Potentially Violent Youth: Statistical and Conceptual Problems; Children's Services: Social Policy, Research & Practice, 2000, Vol. 3 Issue 3, p147-169

- Smith, Julianne. Got Teens? The Doctor Moms' Guide to Sexuality, Social Media and Other Adolescent Realities. Library Journal. 5/15/2014, Vol. 139 Issue 9, p61-61.

-Wike, Traci L.; Fraser, Mark W.; School shootings: Making sense of the senseless; Aggression & Violent Behavior, May 2009, Vol 14 Issue 3, p162.