Conduct Disorders: Diagnosis & Treatment

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Anjanappa, S., Govindan, R., Munivenkatappa, M., & Bhaskarapillai, B. (2023). Effectiveness of anger management program on anger level, problem solving skills, communication skills, and adjustment among school-going adolescents. Journal of education and health promotion, 12, 90. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1216_22

Gillam, L., Spriggs, M., McCarthy, M., & Delany, C. (2022). Telling the truth to seriously ill children: Considering children's interests when parents veto telling the truth. Bioethics, 36(7), 765-773. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13048

Harper, K., & Gentile, J. P. (2022). Psychotherapy for Violent Behavior in Children and Adolescents. Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 19(7-9), 28-31.

McCart, M. R., Sheidow, A. J., & Jaramillo, J. (2022). Evidence Base Update of Psychosocial Treatments for Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 1-28. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2145566

Mohan, L., Yilanli, M., & Ray, S. (2023). Conduct Disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

Rogantini, C., Provenzi, L., Borgatti, R., Mensi, M., & Clinical High Risk State For Psychosis Research Group (2022). Behavioral problems in psychotic, clinically high-risk, and non-psychotic adolescent patients. Annals of general psychiatry, 21(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-022-00422-1

Schein, J., Childress, A., Adams, J., Gagnon-Sanschagrin, P., Maitland, J., Qu, W., Cloutier, M., & Guérin, A. (2022). Treatment patterns among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States - a retrospective claims analysis. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 555. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04188-4

Song, Z., Huang, J., Qiao, T., Yan, J., Zhang, X., & Lu, D. (2022). Association between Maternal Anxiety and Children's Problem Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(17), 11106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711106

Waraan, L., Siqveland, J., Hanssen-Bauer, K., Czjakowski, N. O., Axelsdóttir, B., Mehlum, L., & Aalberg, M. (2023). Family therapy for adolescents with depression and suicidal ideation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 28(2), 831-849. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221125005

Wiggers, M., & Paas, F. (2022). Harsh Physical Discipline and Externalizing Behaviors in Children: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(21), 14385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114385

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Acosta, M. R., Triana, J., Chipatecua, A. G., Fonseca, L., & Alonso, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment of a preteen with conduct disorder. Psychology & Neuroscience, 5(1), 47–55. 

Aparcero, M., Nijdam-Jones, A., Rosenfeld, B., & García-López, E. (2020). Sex offender risk assessment in Latin America: An exploratory study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 51(5), 467–476.

Apsche, J. A., Bass, C. K., Zeiter, J. S., & Houston, M. A. (2008). Family mode deactivation therapy in a residential setting: Treating adolescents with conduct disorder and multi-axial diagnosis. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 4(4), 328–339.

Atherton, O. E., Lawson, K. M., Ferrer, E., & Robins, R. W. (2020). The role of effortful control in the development of ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 1226–1246.

Booker, J. A., Ispa, J. M., Im, J., Maiya, S., Roos, J., & Carlo, G. (2021). African American mothers talk to their preadolescents about honesty and lying. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(3), 521–530.

Burt, S. A., Slawinski, B. L., & Klump, K. L. (2018). Are there sex differences in the etiology of youth antisocial behavior? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(1), 66–78.

Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Park, A. L., Ward, A. M., Levy, M. C., Cromley, T., Chiu, A. W., Letamendi, A. M., Tsai, K. H., & Krull, J. L. (2017). Child STEPs in California: A cluster randomized effectiveness trial comparing modular treatment with community implemented treatment for youth with anxiety, depression, conduct problems, or traumatic stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(1), 13–25.

Colins, O. F. (2016). The clinical usefulness of the DSM–5 specifier for conduct disorder outside of a research context. Law and Human Behavior, 40(3), 310–318.

Cowie, S., Virués-Ortega, J., McCormack, J., Hogg, P., & Podlesnik, C. A. (2021). Extending a misallocation model to children’s choice behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 47(3), 317–325.

Coyne, S. M., Warburton, W. A., Essig, L. W., & Stockdale, L. A. (2018). Violent video games, externalizing behavior, and prosocial behavior: A five-year longitudinal study during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 54(10), 1868–1880.

Crandal, B. R., Foster, S. L., Chapman, J. E., Cunningham, P. B., Brennan, P. A., & Whitmore, E. A. (2015). Therapist perception of treatment outcome: Evaluating treatment outcomes among youth with antisocial behavior problems. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 710–725.

Dadds, M. R., Thai, C., Mendoza Diaz, A., Broderick, J., Moul, C., Tully, L. A., Hawes, D. J., Davies, S., Burchfield, K., & Cane, L. (2019). Therapist-assisted online treatment for child conduct problems in rural and urban families: Two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(8), 706–719.

Dadds, M. R., & Tully, L. A. (2019). What is it to discipline a child: What should it be? A reanalysis of time-out from the perspective of child mental health, attachment, and trauma. American Psychologist, 74(7), 794–808.

Dillman Taylor, D., Meany-Walen, K. K., Nelson, K. M., & Gungor, A. (2019). Investigating group Adlerian play therapy for children with disruptive behaviors: A single-case research design. International Journal of Play Therapy, 28(3), 168–182.

Evans, S. C., Weisz, J. R., Carvalho, A. C., Garibaldi, P. M., Bearman, S. K., Chorpita, B. F., & The Research Network on Youth Mental Health. (2020). Effects of standard and modular psychotherapies in the treatment of youth with severe irritability. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(3), 255–268.

Fanti, K. A., Kyranides, M. N., Petridou, M., Demetriou, C. A., & Georgiou, G. (2018). Neurophysiological markers associated with heterogeneity in conduct problems, callous unemotional traits, and anxiety: Comparing children to young adults. Developmental Psychology, 54(9), 1634–1649.

Flouri, E., & Midouhas, E. (2017). Environmental adversity and children’s early trajectories of problem behavior: The role of harsh parental discipline. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(2), 234–243.

Forcino, S. S., Nadler, C. B., & Roberts, M. W. (2019). Parent training for middle childhood conduct problems: Child opposition to timeout and token fines. Practice Innovations, 4(1), 1–12.

Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1–57.

Frogner, L., Gibson, C. L., Andershed, A.-K., & Andershed, H. (2018). Childhood psychopathic personality and callous–unemotional traits in the prediction of conduct problems. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(2), 211–225. 

Goh, S. K. Y., Griffiths, S., Norbury, C. F., & the SCALES Team. (2021). Sources of variability in the prospective relation of language to social, emotional, and behavior problem symptoms: Implications for developmental language disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(6), 676–689.

Goldstein, N. E. S., Giallella, C. L., Haney-Caron, E., Peterson, L., Serico, J., Kemp, K., Romaine, C. R., Zelechoski, A. D., Holliday, S. B., Kalbeitzer, R., Kelley, S. M., Hinz, H., Sallee, M., Pennacchia, D., Prelic, A., Burkard, C., Grisso, T., Heilbrun, K., Núñez, A., . . . Lochman, J. (2018). Juvenile Justice Anger Management (JJAM) Treatment for Girls: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Services, 15(4), 386–397.

Hein, S., Barbot, B., Square, A., Chapman, J., Geib, C. F., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2017). Violent offending among juveniles: A 7-year longitudinal study of recidivism, desistance, and associations with mental health. Law and Human Behavior, 41(3), 273–283.

Helseth, S. A., Escobar, K. I., Clark, M. A., Spirito, A., & Becker, S. J. (2020). Marketing therapy to parents concerned about adolescent substance use: Association of adolescent problems and parent preferences for direct-to-consumer marketing. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 51(1), 68–76.

Henderson, C. E., Hogue, A., & Dauber, S. (2019). Family therapy techniques and one-year clinical outcomes among adolescents in usual care for behavior problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(3), 308–312.

Hogue, A., Dauber, S., & Henderson, C. E. (2017). Benchmarking family therapy for adolescent behavior problems in usual care: Fidelity, outcomes, and therapist performance differences. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(5), 626–641.

Huang, S., Faul, L., Sevinc, G., Mwilambwe-Tshilobo, L., Setton, R., Lockrow, A. W., Ebner, N. C., Turner, G. R., Spreng, R. N., & De Brigard, F. (2021). Age differences in intuitive moral decision-making: Associations with inter-network neural connectivity. Psychology and Aging, 36(8), 902–916.

Jambon, M., Madigan, S., Plamondon, A., & Jenkins, J. (2019). Developmental trajectories of physical aggression and prosocial behavior in early childhood: Family antecedents and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 55(6), 1211–1225.

Kang, T., Beltrani, A., Manheim, M., Spriggs, S., Nishimura, B., Sinclair, S., Stachniuk, M., Pate, E., Righthand, S., Worling, J. R., & Prentky, R. A. (2019). Development of a risk/treatment needs and progress protocol for juveniles with sex offenses. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 5(2), 154–169.

Karavalaki, M., & Shumaker, D. (2016). An existential–integrative (ei) treatment of adolescent substance abuse. The Humanistic Psychologist, 44(4), 381–399.

Khalifa, N., Duggan, C., Howard, R., & Lumsden, J. (2012). The relationship between childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior is partially mediated by early-onset alcohol abuse. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(4), 423–432.

Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., Lee, S. S., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pelham, W. E., Waldman, I. D., & Cook, E. H. (2011). Interactions between early parenting and a polymorphism of the child's dopamine transporter gene in predicting future child conduct disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 33–45.

Lapsley, D., & Carlo, G. (2014). Moral development at the crossroads: New trends and possible futures. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 1–7.

Lavner, J. A., Barton, A. W., Adesogan, O., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021). Family-centered prevention buffers the effect of financial strain on parenting interactions, reducing youth conduct problems in African American families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(9), 783–791.

Lawing, K., Childs, K. K., Frick, P. J., & Vincent, G. (2017). Use of structured professional judgment by probation officers to assess risk for recidivism in adolescent offenders. Psychological Assessment, 29(6), 652–663. 

Lawing, K., Frick, P. J., & Cruise, K. R. (2010). Differences in offending patterns between adolescent sex offenders high or low in callous—unemotional traits. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 298–305. 

Leijten, P., Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Weeland, J., Menting, A., Orobio de Castro, B., Overbeek, G., & Matthys, W. (2021). Parenting group composition does not impact program effects on children’s conduct problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 35(5), 709–714.

London, K., Hall, A. K., & Lytle, N. E. (2017). Does it help, hurt, or something else? The effect of a something else response alternative on children’s performance on forced-choice questions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(3), 281–289.

López-Romero, L., Romero, E., Colins, O. F., Andershed, H., Hare, R. D., & Salekin, R. T. (2019). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD): Preliminary validation of the parent version in a Spanish sample of preschoolers. Psychological Assessment, 31(11), 1357–1367.

Malcolm, K. T., Taylor, K. K., Mitchell, J., Saile, M., Heatly, M., & Alpert-Gillis, L. J. (2019). Why, what, and how: Training community clinicians on evidence-based practice for youth mental health. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 13(4), 279–286.

Marsh, J. K., Burke, C. T., & De Los Reyes, A. (2016). The sweet spot of clinical intuitions: Predictors of the effects of context on impressions of conduct disorder symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 181–193.

Mattos, L. A., Schmidt, A. T., Henderson, C. E., & Hogue, A. (2017). Therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome in the outpatient treatment of urban adolescents: The role of callous–unemotional traits. Psychotherapy, 54(2), 136–147.

McIntyre, K. M., Mogle, J. A., Scodes, J. M., Pavlicova, M., Shapiro, P. A., Gorenstein, E. E., Tager, F. A., Monk, C., Almeida, D. M., & Sloan, R. P. (2019). Anger-reduction treatment reduces negative affect reactivity to daily stressors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(2), 141–150.

Meany-Walen, K. K., & Kottman, T. (2019). Group Adlerian play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 28(1), 1–12.

Meier, M. H., Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2011). Sex differences in the genetic and environmental influences on childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(2), 377–388.

Merrin, G. J., Davis, J. P., Berry, D., & Espelage, D. L. (2019). Developmental changes in deviant and violent behaviors from early to late adolescence: Associations with parental monitoring and peer deviance. Psychology of Violence, 9(2), 196–208.

Morgan, P. L., Li, H., Cook, M., Farkas, G., Hillemeier, M. M., & Lin, Y.-c. (2016). Which kindergarten children are at greatest risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity and conduct disorder symptomatology as adolescents? School Psychology Quarterly, 31(1), 58–75.

Najdowski, C. J., Cleary, H. M. D., & Stevenson, M. C. (2016). Adolescent sex offender registration policy: Perspectives on general deterrence potential from criminology and developmental psychology. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(1), 114–125.

Niec, L. N., Barnett, M. L., Prewett, M. S., & Shanley Chatham, J. R. (2016). Group parent–child interaction therapy: A randomized control trial for the treatment of conduct problems in young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 682–698.

Oldenhof, H., Jansen, L., Ackermann, K., Baker, R., Batchelor, M., Baumann, S., Bernhard, A., Clanton, R., Dochnal, R., Fehlbaum, L. V., Fernandez-Rivas, A., Goergen, S., Gonzalez de Artaza-Lavesa, M., Gonzalez-Madruga, K., Gonzalez-Torres, M. A., Gundlach, M., Lotte van der Hoeven, M., Kalogerakis, Z., Kapornai, K., . . . Popma, A. (2020). Psychophysiological responses to sadness in girls and boys with conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Oldenhof, H., Jansen, L., Ackermann, K., Baker, R., Batchelor, M., Baumann, S., Bernhard, A., Clanton, R., Dochnal, R., Fehlbaum, L. V., Fernandez-Rivas, A., Goergen, S., Gonzalez de Artaza-Lavesa, M., Gonzalez-Madruga, K., Gonzalez-Torres, M. A., Gundlach, M., Lotte van der Hoeven, M., Kalogerakis, Z., Kapornai, K., . . . Popma, A. (2022). Psychophysiological responses to sadness in girls and boys with conduct disorder. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 131(3), 314–326.

Olschewski, S., Rieskamp, J., & Scheibehenne, B. (2018). Taxing cognitive capacities reduces choice consistency rather than preference: A model-based test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(4), 462–484.

Pardini, D. A., Frick, P. J., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Building an evidence base for DSM–5 conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 683–688.

Porta, C. M., Bloomquist, M. L., Garcia-Huidobro, D., Gutiérrez, R., Vega, L., Balch, R., Yu, X., & Cooper, D. K. (2018). Bi-national cross-validation of an evidence-based conduct problem prevention model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 231–241.

Pugach, C. P., & Wisco, B. E. (2021). Emotion regulation repertoires in trauma-exposed college students: Associations with PTSD symptoms, emotional awareness, and emotional clarity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Ralston, C. A., & Epperson, D. L. (2013). Predictive validity of adult risk assessment tools with juveniles who offended sexually. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 905–916.

Reil, J., Lambie, I., Horwood, J., & Becroft, A. (2021). Children who offend: Why are prevention and intervention efforts to reduce persistent criminality so seldom applied? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(1), 65–78.

Rizzo, M. T., Li, L., Burkholder, A. R., & Killen, M. (2019). Lying, negligence, or lack of knowledge? Children’s intention-based moral reasoning about resource claims. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 274–285.

Ronan, K. R., Davies, G., Wikman, R., Canoy, D., Jarrett, M., & Evans, C. (2016). Family-centered, feedback-informed therapy for conduct disorder: Findings from an empirical case study. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 5(3), 137–156. 

Rosellini, A. J., & Brown, T. A. (2019). The Multidimensional Emotional Disorder Inventory (MEDI): Assessing transdiagnostic dimensions to validate a profile approach to emotional disorder classification. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 59-72.

Rowan, Z. R., Schubert, C. A., Loughran, T. A., Mulvey, E. P., & Pardini, D. A. (2019). Proximal predictors of gun violence among adolescent males involved in crime. Law and Human Behavior, 43(3), 250–262.

Ruiz, M. A., Hopwood, C. J., Edens, J. F., Morey, L. C., & Cox, J. (2018). Initial development of pathological personality trait domain measures using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(6), 564–573.

Salekin, R. T., Charles, N. E., Barry, C. T., Hare, R. D., Batky, B. D., Mendez, B., & Neumann, C. S. (2022). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD): Factor structure and psychometric properties in a residential school facility. Psychological Assessment, 34(10), 985–992.

Salekin, R. T. (2016). Psychopathy in childhood: Toward better informing the DSM–5 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(2), 180–191.

Salmanian, M., Ghobari-Bonab, B., Hooshyari, Z., & Mohammadi, M.-R. (2020). Effectiveness of spiritual psychotherapy on attachment to God among adolescents with conduct disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(3), 269–275.

Sandler, J. C., Letourneau, E. J., Vandiver, D. M., Shields, R. T., & Chaffin, M. (2017). Juvenile sexual crime reporting rates are not influenced by juvenile sex offender registration policies. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(2), 131–140.

Santisteban, D. A., Mena, M. P., Muir, J., McCabe, B. E., Abalo, C., & Cummings, A. M. (2015). The efficacy of two adolescent substance abuse treatments and the impact of comorbid depression: Results of a small randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38(1), 55–64. 

Shelleby, E. C., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2018). Effects of the Family Check-Up on reducing growth in conduct problems from toddlerhood through school age: An analysis of moderated mediation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(10), 856–867.

Shulman, E. P., & Cauffman, E. (2013). Reward-biased risk appraisal and its relation to juvenile versus adult crime. Law and Human Behavior, 37(6), 412–423.

Skoe, E. E. A. (2014). Measuring care-based moral development: The Ethic of Care Interview. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 19(3), 95–104.

Smetana, J., Robinson, J., Bourne, S. V., & Wainryb, C. (2019). “I didn’t want to, but then I told”: Adolescents’ narratives regarding disclosure, concealment, and lying. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 403–414.

Snyder, J., Schrepferman, L., McEachern, A., & Suarez, M. (2010). Early covert conduct problems: Phenomenology, prevalence, cross-setting diffusion, growth and consequences. The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention, 2(1), 4–19.

Stanger, C., Ryan, S. R., Fu, H., Landes, R. D., Jones, B. A., Bickel, W. K., & Budney, A. J. (2012). Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(3), 205–212.

Steinmann, R., Gat, I., Nir-Gottlieb, O., Shahar, B., & Diamond, G. M. (2017). Attachment-based family therapy and individual emotion-focused therapy for unresolved anger: Qualitative analysis of treatment outcomes and change processes. Psychotherapy, 54(3), 281–291.

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Zhao, X., & Selman, R. L. (2020). Bystanders’ responsibilities in a situation of teasing: A dual dynamic analysis (DDA) for understanding culture, context, and youth moral development. Qualitative Psychology, 7(1), 1–22.

Zimmermann, J., Woods, W. C., Ritter, S., Happel, M., Masuhr, O., Jaeger, U., Spitzer, C., & Wright, A. G. C. (2019). Integrating structure and dynamics in personality assessment: First steps toward the development and validation of a personality dynamics diary. Psychological Assessment, 31(4), 516–531.

Additional References:
- Caldwell, Michael F.; Dickinson, Casey; Sex offender registration and recidivism risk in juvenile sexual offenders; Behavioral Sciences & the Law, December 2009, Vol 27 Issue 6, p941

- Charles, Joanna M.; Bywater, Tracey J.; Edwards, Rhiannon Tudor; Hutchings, Judy; Zou, Lu. Parental depression and child conduct problems: evaluation of parental service use and associated costs after attending the Incredible Years Basic Parenting Programme. BMC Health Services Research. 2013, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p1-24. 24p. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-523.

- Croake, James W., Treating Conduct Disorder in Adolescents; Individual Psychology: The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice, Jun86, Vol.42 Issue 2, p270, 4p

- Dubenetzky, Salome. Differential Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders. Annals of Psychotherapy & Integrative Health. Summer2013, Vol. 16 Issue 2, p40-46. 7p. 2 Color Photographs, 3 Illustrations.

- Gifford, Elizabeth V.; Tavakoli, Sara; Wang, Ruey; Hagedorn, Hildi J.; Hamlett-Berry, Kim W. Tobacco dependence diagnosis and treatment in Veterans Health Administration residential substance use disorder treatment programs. Addiction. Jun2013, Vol. 108 Issue 6, p1127-1135. 9p. 4 Charts. DOI: 10.1111/add.12105.

- Goldstein, Arnold P. and Barry Glick, "Aggression Replacement Training: A Comprehensive Intervention for Aggressive Youth", Research Press: Illinois, 1987

- Ikomi, Philip A.; Harris-Wyatt, Georgetta; Doucet, Geraldine; Rodney, H. Elaine;  Treatment for Juveniles Who Sexually Offend in a Southwestern State; Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, December 2009, Vol 18 Issue 6, p594

- Koerner, Naomi; Antony, Martin; Young, Lisa; McCabe, Randi. Changes in Beliefs about the Social Competence of Self and Others Following Group Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment. Cognitive Therapy & Research. Apr2013, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p256-265. 10p. 3 Charts. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9472-5.

- Kolk, Bessel; Najavits, Lisa M. Interview: What is PTSD Really? Surprises, Twists of History, and the Politics of Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology. May2013, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p516-522. 7p. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21992.

- Landes, Sara J. The Case: Treating Jared Through Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology. May2013, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p488-489. 2p. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21984.

- MacKenzie, Robert J. EdD, "Setting Limits in the Classroom", Three Rivers Press: New York, 2003

- Madill, Rebecca A.; Gest, Scott D.; Rodkin, Philip C. Students' Perceptions of Relatedness in the Classroom: The Roles of Emotionally Supportive Teacher-Child Interactions, Children's Aggressive-Disruptive Behaviors, and Peer Social Preference. School Psychology Review. 2014, Vol. 43 Issue 1, p86-105. 20p.

- Mpofu, Elias and Ralph Crystal, Conduct disorder in children: challenges, and prospective cognitive behavioral treatments, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, Mar2001, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p21-32, 12p

- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2013). Antisocial Behaviour and Conduct Disorders in Children and Young People. The British Psychological Society and The Royal Collage of Psychiatrists.

- Ogundele M. O. (2018). Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians. World journal of clinical pediatrics, 7(1), 10-13.

- Phelan PhD, Thomas and Sarah Jane Schonour, MA, "1-2-3 Magic for Teachers: Effective Classroom Discipline Pre-K through Grade 8", ParentMagic, Inc: Illinois, 2004

- Raudino, Alessandra; Fergusson, David; Woodward, Lianne; Horwood, L. The intergenerational transmission of conduct problems. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. Mar2013, Vol. 48 Issue 3, p465-476. 12p. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0547-0.

- Stevenson, Margaret C.; Sorenson, Katlyn M.; Smith, Amy C.; Sekely, Ady; Dzwairo, Rukudzo A; Effects of defendant and victim race on perceptions of juvenile sex offenders; Behavioral Sciences & the Law, December 2009, Vol 27 Issue 6, p957.

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