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The glorified accounts of Indian fighting served to confirm the belief that Indians
were bloodthirsty savages. To the majority of Americans, most of whom were living
in the East, Indians were a distant enemy that stood in the way of progress and
expansion. To the pioneers who sought to settle the West, warring Indians were
a daily fear. But gradually, once American Indians had been pushed onto distant
lands that no white person wanted, they began to be seen as semi-mythical creatures.
A
new version of the myth of the noble savage glorified famous Indians of the past.
Perhaps the best-known purveyor of this type of story was James Fenimore Cooper,
a novelist of the 1820s whose works remained popular well into the 1900s. Cooper
had little if any contact with American Indians and presented both the “noble”
and the “savage” stereotypes in his books. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s
famous poem The Song of Hiawatha (1855) was another product of the vogue for romanticizing
the American Indian.
These glorified clichés did little
to promote understanding between the two races, and as these writers saw it, nobility
was no help to the Indians. Most of the writers who took this view stressed that
the Indians were doomed to vanish in the face of civilization. Oliver Wendell
Holmes contended in the mid-1800s that Indians would become extinct if they could
not run free, “and so the red-canyon sketch is rubbed out, and the canvas
is ready for a picture of manhood a little more like God’s own image.”
By
the late 1800s, mythical Indians had become stock characters in a new kind of
popular fiction—the Western. The old images of “good” and “bad”
Indians were used again and again in dime novels. There were a few trustworthy
Indians, typified by the Lone Ranger’s faithful Tonto, who helped whites.
And there were evil, treacherous Indians who swooped down to attack defenseless
wagon trains with murderous yells. Popular shows helped spread the myths—Buffalo
Bill’s Wild West, for example, presented matinee reenactments of Custer’s
Last Stand. These stereotyped images were confirmed again in movies and on television.
Whites
believed the Indian stereotypes presented in Westerns because, in most cases,
fictional Indians were the only ones they ever saw. By 1890, wars and disease
had reduced the total American Indian population to about 250,000, compared to
a population of about 2,500,000 before European contact. As their numbers decreased,
the strength of the tribes often dissipated. One by one, the tribes were consigned
to reservations in strange and often hostile places. The government gave them
farming tools and rations and set up schools, and whites in general expected that
the Indians would gradually see the benefits of “civilization” and
give up their traditional ways. But the change from a free way of life to the
restrictions of the reservation brought despair. Social problems—poverty
and alcoholism in particular—were severe.
Prejudice prevented
whites from seeing the social causes of these problems; instead, the Indians themselves
were held responsible. Thus the “good” and “bad” Indians
of the Westerns were seen as belonging to the historical past. In the rare occasions
when whites thought about or saw the actual residents of reservations, the image
that emerged was more like that of the “Goshoots” described by Mark
Twain—creatures to be viewed with contempt.
- Pascoe, E. (1997). The American Indians - Aliens in their Own Land. In Racial prejudice why cant we overcome? (pp. 68-71). New York: F. Watts.
Personal
Reflection Exercise #10
The preceding section contained information
about the Native American image. Write three case study examples regarding how
you might use the content of this section in your practice.
Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Burkley, E., Durante, F., Fiske, S. T., Burkley, M., & Andrade, A. (2017). Structure and content of Native American stereotypic subgroups: Not just (ig)noble. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(2), 209–219.
Gonzalez, V. M., & Skewes, M. C. (2018). Association of belief in the “firewater myth” with strategies to avoid alcohol consequences among American Indian and Alaska Native college students who drink. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(4), 401–409.
Gonzalez, V. M., Burroughs, A., & Skewes, M. C. (2021). Belief in the American Indian/Alaska Native biological vulnerability myth and drinking to cope: Does stereotype threat play a role? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(1), 37–46.
Gray, J. S., LaBore, K. B., & Carter, P. (2021). Protecting the sacred tree: Conceptualizing spiritual abuse against Native American elders. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 13(2), 204–211.
Online Continuing Education QUESTION
24
Why did whites believe the Indian stereotypes presented in Westerns?
Record the letter of the correct answer the .
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